If diet, exercise, and medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or surgery may be performed to reduce stomach volume or length of the intestines, leading to feeling full earlier, or a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food. Medications can be used, along with a suitable diet, to reduce appetite or decrease fat absorption. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber, if these dietary choices are available, affordable, and accessible. Changes to diet as well as exercising are the main treatments recommended by health professionals. Obesity prevention requires a complex approach, including interventions at societal, community, family, and individual levels. There is no effective, well-defined, evidence-based intervention for preventing obesity. While a majority of obese individuals at any given time attempt to lose weight and are often successful, maintaining weight loss long-term is rare. Some known causes are diet, physical activity, automation, urbanization, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, economic policies, endocrine disorders, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and environmental causes. Obesity is a major cause of disability and is correlated with various diseases and conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. Some East Asian countries use lower values to calculate obesity. People are classified as obese when their body mass index (BMI)-a person's weight divided by the square of the person's height-is over 30 kg/ m 2 the range 25–30 kg/ m 2 is defined as overweight. Obesity is a medical condition, sometimes considered a disease, in which excess body fat has accumulated to such an extent that it can potentially have negative effects on health.
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